## Title: 
Legume-colonizing aphids as potential PNYDV-vectors: Reproduction and infestation
 ## Author: 
Ahmed Berawe ahmed.berawe@uni-kassel.de University of Kassel, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecological Plant Protection, Nordbahnhofstrasse 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
Judith Seeger  jseeger@posteo.de University of Kassel, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecological Plant Protection, Nordbahnhofstrasse 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
Ziebell, Heiko heiko.ziebell@julius-kuehn.de Julius Kuehn-Institute, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
Helmut Saucke  hsaucke@uni-kassel.de  University of Kassel, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecological Plant Protection, Nordbahnhofstrasse 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
 ## Description: 
This article partly demonstrates why the ‘GL Sunrise’ faba bean variety has exhibiting lower viral symptoms in the field despite lacking resistance to Pea necrotic yellow dwarf virus (PNYDV). The apparent field resistance to PNYDV in the faba bean cultivar ‘GL Sunrise’ is due to effects on aphid vectors that transmit the virus between plants. This research shows aphid reproduction on the ‘GL Sunrise’ variety was lower compared to the ‘Fuego’ variety. This work also shows the importance of conducting lab experiments to complement field work with relevant field-derived aphid strains. This research provides valuable insights into PNYDV occurrence in the field and informs the development of resistant varieties. This work also shows that varietal testing should include assays to test a range of aphid behaviours as well as growth and reproduction when evaluating new varieties.
 ## Content Summary: 
1. Introduction and research objectives 2. Material and Methods: Greenhouse 2020, Field trials 2021, 2022, Site HDF 2021, Site NEB 2021 & 2022, Aphid infestation, Yield assessments 3. Statistical Analysis 4. Results: Greenhouse 2020 (I), Field experiments, Yield parameters 5. Discussion: Infestation dynamics at field conditions, Yield 6. Conclusion 7. Acknowledgements 8. References
## Funding 
This work was partially funded by the Hessian Ministry of Higher Education, Research,
Science and the Arts as part of the HessenFonds for refugees 2020 - 2021 and partially by the
doctoral fellowship program, University of Kassel 2022 - 2024.
## headers:
* Species: Leguminous-aphids species: Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, Aphis fabae Scopoli and Megoura viciae Buckton
* Variety: two faba bean varieties (‘GL Sunrise’, ‘Fuego’).
* Replicate: 3 or 4 Replicates.
* Weight: weight of aphid offspring per one aphid in 8 days.
* Fecundity: number of aphid offspring per one aphid in 8 days.
* r m: intrinsic rates of increase (r m ).
* Strains: Three Acyrthosiphon pisum-biotype: A.p from bean, A.p from pea and A.p from Lab.
* Date: Early and late aphids sampling.
* HDF2021: Aphids number per plant at experimental site in Hessian State Domain Frankenhausen in 202 .
* NEB2021: Aphids number per plant at experimental site at experimental farm of the University Kassel, Neu-Eichenberg (NEB) in 2021.
* NEB2022: Aphids number per plant at experimental site at experimental farm of the University Kassel, Neu-Eichenberg (NEB) in 2022.
* Year: Date of experiment.
* Yield: Yield of faba bean t*ha-1
* Protein: crude protein kg*ha-1
* TKG: thousand kernel weight (g).
For more information on the experiment, please read the related article.